<html>
<head>
<title>Venus Fact Sheet</title>
</head>
<body text="#337ABB" background="../images/stars">
<H3>Venus Fact Sheet</H3>
<P>
<IMG SRC="../images/venus"></A>
Venus
<hr>
<H4>Venus/Earth Comparison</H4>
<h5>Bulk parameters</h5>
<pre>
                                   Venus          Earth     Ratio (Venus/Earth)
Mass (10<sup>24</sup> kg)                      4.869          5.9736         0.815 
Volume (10<sup>10</sup> km<sup>3</sup>)                  92.843        108.321          0.857
Equatorial radius (km)	           6052           6378            0.949     
Polar radius (km)                  6052           6356            0.952
Volumetric mean radius (km)        6052           6371            0.950
Ellipticity                         0.000          0.0034         0.0  
Mean density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)               5204           5520            0.943 
Surface gravity (eq.) (m/s<sup>2</sup>)        8.87           9.78           0.907 
Escape velocity (km/s)             10.36          11.19           0.926
GM (x 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>3</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)                   0.3249         0.3986         0.815
Bond albedo                         0.72           0.385          1.87
Visual geometric albedo             0.65           0.367          1.77  
Visual magnitude V(1,0)            -4.40          -3.86             -
Solar irradiance (W/m<sup>2</sup>)            2660           1380            1.928
Black-body temperature (K)          238.9          247.3          0.966 
Topographic range (km)               15             20            0.750 
Moment of inertia (I/MR<sup>2</sup>)           0.33           0.3308         0.998
J<sub>2</sub> (x 10<sup>-6</sup>)                         4.458       1082.63           0.004  

</pre>
<hr>
<h5>Orbital parameters</h5> 
<pre>
                                   Venus           Earth     Ratio (Venus/Earth)
Semimajor axis (10<sup>6</sup> km)           108.2           149.6           0.723   
Sidereal orbit period (days)      224.701         365.256         0.615
Tropical orbit period (days)      224.695         365.242         0.615 
Perihelion (10<sup>6</sup> km)               107.5           147.1           0.731       
Aphelion (10<sup>6</sup> km)                 108.9           152.1           0.716
Synodic period (days)             583.92            -               -
Mean orbital velocity (km/s)       35.02           29.79          1.176   
Orbit inclination (deg)             3.4             0.00            -
Orbit eccentricity                  0.0068          0.0167        0.407   
Sidereal rotation period (hrs)   5832.5            23.9345        243.7  
Obliquity to orbit (deg)          177.3            23.45         (0.115)  
</pre>
<hr>
<H4>Venus Atmosphere</H4>
<pre>

Surface Pressure: 92 bars  
Surface Density: ~65. kg/m<sup>3</sup> 
Scale height: 15.9 km
Average temperature: 737 K
Diurnal temperature range: ~0 
Wind speeds: 0.3 to 1.0 m/s (surface)
Mean molecular weight: 43.45 g/mole
Atmospheric composition (near surface, by volume): 
    Major:       96.5% Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), 3.5% Nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) 
    Minor (ppm): Sulfur Dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) - 150; Argon (Ar) - 70; Water (H<sub>2</sub>O) - 20;
                 Carbon Monoxide (CO) - 17; Helium (He) - 12; Neon (Ne) - 7
</pre>
</body>
</html>
